There was the same hearty cheering as before , and the mugs were emptied to the dregs . But as the animals outside gazed at the scene , it seemed to them that some strange thing was happening What was it that had altered in the faces of the pigs clovers old dim eyes flitted from one face to another . Some of them had five chins , some had four . some had three . But what was it that seemed to be melting and changing then the applause having come to an end the company took up their cards and continued the game that had been interrupted , and the animals crept silently away.
But they had not gone twenty yards when they stopped short An uproar of voices was coming from the farmhouse.They rushed back and looked through the window again.Yes , a violent quarrel was in progress . There were shoutings bangings on the table sharp suspicious glances , furious denials . The source of the trouble appeared to be that napoleon and mr pilkington had each played an ace of spades simultaneously .
Twelve voices were shouting in anger , and they were all alike . no question , now , what had happened to the faces of the pigs.The creatures outside looked from plg to man , and from man to pig , and from pig to man again ; but already it was impossible to say which was which.
But already it was impossible to say which was which.
因此我也比以前更加清楚地了解苏联神话对西方社会主义运动的消极影响。
这里,我必须停下来谈一谈我对苏维埃政权的态度。
我从来没有去过俄罗斯,我对它的了解只是通过读书看报而得到的。即使我有这力量,我也不想干涉苏联内部事务:我不会仅仅因为斯大林和他的同事的野蛮和不民主的手段而谴责他们。很有可能,即使有最好的用心,在当时当地的情况下,他们恐怕也只能如此行事。
但是在另一方面,对我来说,极其重要的是,西欧的人们应该看清楚苏联政权的真正面目。自从1930年以后我很少看到有什么证据能够证明苏联是在向我们可以真的称为社会主义的方向前进。相反,我对它转变成为一个等级森严的社会的明显迹象感到吃惊。在这样一个社会里统治者像任何其他统治阶级一样都不愿意放弃权力。此外,在英国这样一个国家里的工人阶级和知识分子都无法理解今天的苏联已完全不同于1917年的它了。这一部分是因为他们不愿意理解(即他们希望相信在什么地方的确有一个真正的社会主义国家存在),一部分是因为,他们习惯于公共生活中的比较自由和节制的环境,极权主义是他们完全不能了解的。
但是你必须记住,英国并不是完全民主的。它也是一个资本主义国家,存在着极大的阶级特权和(即使在现在在一场可能使人人平等的战争之后)极大的贫富悬殊。但是尽管如此,它还是一个人民生活了好几百年而没有发生内战的国家,法律相对来说是公正的,官方的新闻和统计数字可以几乎一概信任,最后,但同样重要的是,持有和发表少数派意见并不会带来生命的危险。在这样的气氛中像集中营、大规模强制迁移、未经审判就逮捕、新闻检查等事情,普通人是没有真正了解的。他所读到的关于苏联这种国家的报道都自动地化为英国概念了,他很天真地接受了极权主义宣传的谎言。到1939年为止,甚至在此以后大多数英国人不能认识德国纳粹政权的真正性质,而现在对苏联政权,他们在很大程度上仍处在同样一种幻觉的下面。
这对英国的社会主义运动造成很大的危害,对英国的外交政策产生严重的后果。的确,在我看来,没有任何东西有像认为俄罗斯是一个社会主义国家,认为它的统治者的每一行动即使不加模仿也必须予以辩解的这种信念那样对社会主义的原来思想造成更大的腐蚀了。
因此在过去的10年中,我一直坚信,如果我们要振兴社会主义运动,打破苏联神话是必要的。
我从西班牙回来后,就想用一个故事来揭露苏联神话。它要能够为几乎每个人所容易了解而又可以容易地译成其他语言。但是这个故事的实际细节在相当时期内一直没有在我的脑海中形成,后来终于有一天(我当时住在乡间一个小村庄里)我看到一个小男孩,大概10岁,赶着一匹拉车的大马在一条狭窄的小道上走,那匹马一想转弯,那男孩就用鞭子抽它,这使我想起,如果这些牲口知道它们自己的力量,我们就无法控制它们,人类剥削牲口就像富人剥削无产阶级一样。
于是我着手从动物的观点来分析。对于它们来说,显然人类之间阶级斗争的概念纯粹是错觉,因为一等到有必要剥削牲口时,所有的人都联合起来对付它们:真正的斗争是在牲口和人之间。从这一点出发,就不难构思故事了但我一直没有动手,到了1943年才写,因为我一直在做其他工作,没有余暇。最后,我把有些大事,如德黑兰会议包括进去,我在写作时,会议正在开。这样,这个故事的主要轮廓在我脑中存在了6年之久,我才实际开始写作。
我不想对这部作品发表意见。如果它不能自己说明问题,那它就是失败之作。但是我想强调两点:第一,虽然有些情节取自俄国革命的真实历史,但它们是作了约缩处理的,它们的年代次序作了颠倒,这是故事的完整化所必需的。第二,是大多数批评家所忽视的,可能是因为我没有予以足够强调。许多读者在读完本书之后可能有这样的印象:它以猪和人的完全修好收场。这不是我的原意;相反,我原来是要在一种很不和谐的高音符上结束,因为我是在德黑兰会议以后马上写的,大家当时都认为该会议为苏联和西方建立了可能范围内最好的关系。我个人并不认为这种良好关系会维持很久,而事实证明,我没有错到哪里去......
But they had not gone twenty yards when they stopped short An uproar of voices was coming from the farmhouse.They rushed back and looked through the window again.Yes , a violent quarrel was in progress . There were shoutings bangings on the table sharp suspicious glances , furious denials . The source of the trouble appeared to be that napoleon and mr pilkington had each played an ace of spades simultaneously .
Twelve voices were shouting in anger , and they were all alike . no question , now , what had happened to the faces of the pigs.The creatures outside looked from plg to man , and from man to pig , and from pig to man again ; but already it was impossible to say which was which.